Article 23

1.          Without prejudice to Articles 17 up to and including 22, the prohibition on processing personal data as referred to in Article 16 does not apply to the extent that:

a.       this takes place with the explicit consent of the person concerned;

b.       the data have clearly been disclosed by the person concerned;

c.       this is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of a right in court;

d.       this is necessary in order to comply with an obligation under international law; or

e.       this is necessary in view of a serious general interest, appropriate assurances for the protection of privacy are provided and this is laid down by national ordinance or the committee has granted dispensation. In granting dispensation, the committee may impose restrictions and requirements.

2.          The prohibition on processing personal data for the purpose of scientific research or statistics as referred to in Article 16 does not apply to the extent that:

a.       the research serves a general interest,

b.       the processing is necessary for the relevant research or the relevant statistics,

c.       requesting explicit consent proves to be impossible or to cost a disproportionate effort and

d.      provision is made in the execution for assurances such that the privacy of the person concerned is not disproportionately breached.